Freakonomics Radio · 2026-03-06 · 53 min · 8,671 words

666. This Is How Progress Happens

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I am sometimes surprised at how quickly we humans habituate to progress. We're given something wonderful and we immediately want more of it and complain that we don't get it quickly or cheaper. How do you think about it? Well, as an economic historian, I think it is my mission to tell people how good they have it.

The good old days may have been old, but they weren't good. They were terrible. Joel Mokier is a professor at Northwestern University who recently won the Nobel Prize in Economics along with Philippe Aguillon and Peter Howitt. Mokeir was awarded the prize for having, quote, identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress. It is

quite clear that progress is driven by a very small proportion of the population. I would say something around maybe two, two and a half, maybe three percent of the labor force are driving all the progress. And what exactly do those two or three percent do? These people change culture quite drastically.

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