The Ezra Klein Show · 2026-09-11 · 80 min · 13,378 words

Francis Fukuyama on Trump, China and the Legacy of 9/11

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Francis Fukiyama's 1989 essay, The End of History, is remembered as this triumphalous argument heralding the permanent victory of liberal democracy. After it, anything major that happened in the world, you would get these people saying, well, I guess history didn't really end, did it? I remember this particularly after 9-11. This week, of course, is the 25th anniversary of 9-11. But this was such a terrible misreading of Fukiyama's argument, because if you actually read his essay, and particularly if you read the book that came out of that essay, he is saying something very different.

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